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Osteoarthritis

What is Osteoarthritis (O.A.)?

Osteoarthritis is also known as Degenerative arthritis, caused by inflammation, breakdown and eventually loss of the cartilage of the joints. With aging, the water content of the cartilage increases, and the protein content of cartilage degenerates. Eventually, cartilage begins to degenerate. Repetitive use of the worn joints over the years can irritate and inflame the cartilage, causing joint pain and swelling. It occurs mainly on the joints which are pressed by the body weight, and may cause a deformity of the joint if untreated.

Degenerative arthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis –
  • 8 out of 10 persons above 55 years and
  • Almost all people above 75 years
  • Suffer from the degenerative arthritis.

O.A. often occurs in persons with traumatic injury such as road accident, hurt from a fall, or those with genetic factors, obesity, or those having a job pressing the joints continuously or the living habits unfavorable for the joints.

What is degenerative change?

Aging changes relating to, causing, or characterized by degeneration (wear and tear) such as graying of hair or wrinkles.

How OA develops

  • The cartilage that cushions the ends of bones wears down over time 
  • The bones rub against each other when you use the joint 
  • Bumps of extra bone called bone spurs may grow in the joint area 

OA progression

OA is a lifelong, progressive condition that usually gets worse slowly. Although there is no cure for OA, there are many treatment options available. 

Other effects

OA can affect a person’s ability to move freely. It can also lead to psychological distress. 

Symptoms

Joint pain, stiffness, swelling, reduced range of motion

Affected joints

Most commonly hands, knees, hips, and spine

Risk factors

Aging, joint injury or overuse, being overweight

 Stages

Osteoarthritis typically progresses through four stages: early (minor), mild, moderate, and severe, each characterized by increasing cartilage damage, pain, and stiffness. 

Here’s a more detailed breakdown of each stage:

Stage 1 (Early/Minor): This stage involves minor wear and tear of the cartilage with little to no pain or discomfort. 

Stage 2 (Mild): Pain and stiffness may start to appear as the cartilage continues to wear down, and bone spurs may become visible on X-rays. 

Stage 3 (Moderate): Cartilage erosion becomes more noticeable, leading to increased pain, especially during activities like walking or squatting, and potentially reduced range of motion. 

Stage 4 (Severe): In this stage, cartilage is severely damaged or almost gone, resulting in significant pain, stiffness, and potentially immobility, with bone rubbing against bone.

Stages of osteoarthritis

Treatment
Stage 1 to 3

Goal of treatments to manage pain and joint function and to prevent further progression of disease.

Treatment may involves

  • Physiotherapy
  • Certain Pain  and other medicines
  • Viscosupplementation
  • PRP (platelet-rich plasma) treatment
  • Steroid Injection

Stage 4 (Surgery )

In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be used.

Tips To Manage OA 

To effectively manage osteoarthritis (OA), focus on a combination of lifestyle changes, exercise, and pain management strategies. Regular, low-impact exercise like walking, swimming, or cycling is crucial for strengthening muscles around joints and improving flexibility. Maintaining a healthy weight can also reduce stress on weight-bearing joints. Additionally, consider assistive devices, heat/cold therapy, and complementary therapies to manage pain and improve function. 

Key Tips for Managing Osteoarthritis:

  • Stay Active:
    Engage in regular, low-impact exercise to strengthen muscles, improve flexibility, and reduce pain. 
  • Maintain a Healthy Weight:
    Losing even a small amount of weight can significantly reduce stress on joints. 
  • Manage Pain:
    Utilize heat/cold therapy, over-the-counter pain relievers, or other pain management techniques prescribed by your doctor. 
  • Use Assistive Devices:
    Consider using a cane, walker, or other supportive devices to reduce strain on joints. 
  • Consider Complementary Therapies:
    Explore options like acupuncture, massage, or tai chi, but consult with your doctor first. 
  • Seek Support:
    Join a support group or talk to a healthcare professional to help you cope with the emotional and physical challenges of OA. 
  • Protect Your Joints:
    Be mindful of your posture, avoid prolonged repetitive motions, and use proper lifting techniques. 
  • Adjust Your Activities:
    If certain activities cause pain, modify them or find alternatives that are easier on your joints. 
  • Get Enough Sleep:
    Lack of sleep can worsen pain and inflammation, so prioritize good sleep habits. 
  • Manage Stress:
    Stress can exacerbate OA symptoms, so find healthy ways to manage stress, such as meditation or yoga. 
This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional.